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History of Photography began officially recorded in the 19th century and then accelerated along with other advances made ​​humans in line with technological advances that are being intensively-incessant. In 1839 that was declared as the early years of photography. In that year, in France officially declared that photography is a technological breakthrough. At that time, recording two-dimensional as the eye sees can be made permanent.

History of photography began long before the Christian era. In the book The History of Photography work of Alma Davenport, published by the University of New Mexico Press in 1991, mentioned that in the 5th century BCE (BC), a man named Mo Ti was observed a symptom. If the walls of a
dark room there is a small hole (pinhole), then on the inside of that space will be reflected in the scene outside the room in reverse through the hole. Mo Ti was the first to recognize the phenomenon of camera obscura.

Several centuries later, many people are aware of and admire this phenomenon, some of which Aristotle in the 3rd century BC, and an Arab scientist Ibn al Haitam (Al Hazen) in the 10th century BC, and then attempt to create and develop tools that now known as the camera. In 1558, an Italian scientist, Giambattista della Porta called "camera obscura" in a box that helps the painter to catch sight of the image.

According to Szarkowski, name of the camera obscura was created by Johannes Kepler in 1611

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Actually what is meant by the theory of Pangea? Pangea theory is a theory which states that millions of years ago all the continents joined together in one big land called Pangea (before finally continent now consists of 5 pieces of continents). Then for some reason is still not known with certainty, the continents broke out and began to drift in the opposite direction.
The theory goes on to say that the continents will continue to drift until they meet again, in different configurations. At believed by some experts that the Pangea pick the same characteristics as the Antarctica now.

Pangea theory itself is based on the theory of Alfred Wegener, a German scientist. In the year 1920 in the book The Origin of Continents and sea (Entstehung Die Kontinente und der Ozeane), he postulated that all the continents were at one time formed a single supercontinent Pangaea, before then breaking and drifted to its current location. So the ancient continent of deifying a pumice stone that moves because of plate movement at the bottom of this earth's crust. Pangea began to break its self into the continent (mainland) Smaller called Laurasia (land forming the southern hemisphere such as Latin America, Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, New guenea etc.) and Gondwanaland (northern hemisphere land forms such as America and Europe) during the Jurassic period (dinosaur era).

Whereas in the late Cretaceous period continent continent there has been similar to what we see today (5 continents). At the continent Pangea formed, the land becomes land that continent now has a liaison mainland (continental bridge) which connects the southern part of the American continent (Latin), Africa, India, Australia and Antartica.The asking it now is, when the crust of the earth's crust is constantly moving up today, then how it speed? okay, so this way, the continent that we live now moving very slowly (and can not be felt by us who stand on), the movement of continental plates these plates every year reaches 1.5 inch / year even slower than the growth of our fingernails of his annual . And with this clear air of millions of millions of years required for the mainland continent to move apart and form the continents that exist today.

And we are aware of any tapa continent continent now we have "collide" and his process has been ongoing for several million years, mainland Africa has collided with the continent of Europe. Italy, Greece and almost all cities in the Mediterranean is part of the African plate groove, and his movements had been recorded in the last 40 million years (according to the geologist). Other signs of such a movement is the Swiss Alps and the Pyrenees mountains have been pushing each other, causing earthquakes that sometimes invade the territory of Greece and Turkey. Australia as well as its future predicted when calculated with the movement of Earth's plates, then Australia will continue to move northward to hit Southeast Asia. as well as other continents such as the American continent.

Month total eclipse post December 10, 2011, there is still an amazing variety of events in the night sky. One of the Geminid meteor shower, which will reach its peak on Wednesday, December 14, 2011.


Meteor showers?
Meteor showers is the term for the phenomenon of the invisibility of a number of meteors in a row within a certain time interval in which all meteors seemed to originate from a common point in the sky. In certain circumstances the number of meteors that involved quite a lot so impressive as rain. This is what makes so-called meteor showers. Meteor showers are named according to the cluster of stars that become the source location. So is the Geminid meteor shower meteor shower, whose origins are in the constellation Gemini.

Whence the meteor shower?
Basically any known meteor shower on Earth came from comets crumbs scattered along its orbit. eVERY passing comet approaches the Sun in its orbit through the circulation, the pressure of solar wind and the storm will scatter dust and clots easily evaporate from the surface of a comet. Atomic excitation and the reflection of sunlight makes it a tail of gas and dust tails are typical. Dust tail can be stretched as far as 150 million km, even in the case of comet Hyakutake as far as 300 million km in width could match Jupiter.

As growing estrangement comet, gas will disappear at the vastness of space, but still left in the dust along the comet's orbit. This is known as a filament. Furthermore, since comets are celestial bodies that orbit the solar system not stabil so prone to interruption of gravity of the planets, Earth's gravity turn or combination with Jupiter's gravity to take over the role. Filaments also been modified. So when the Earth passed near the comet's orbit, the open potential of filaments met with the Earth.

The meeting will cause the filament, which consists of microscopic dust and some the size of gravel, into the atmosphere in very high speed. This produces ram pressure in the atmosphere, which was so great that could raise the local temperature is very high which makes the dust has evaporated. Throughout the heating occurs, create light that we see as meteors. Age of light is very short, ie 1-2 seconds. The majority of meteors are vaporized depleted at an altitude of 60 to 90 km from the Earth's surface. But if the gravel that comes in, flashes of light could be seen more than 5 seconds and just destroyed at an altitude of 40 km or less. We knew him as Fireball, bright meteors or ndaru.

Every time the comet passed near the Sun, essentially due to gravity changes the orbits of the planets, although these changes are relatively small. Hence it produces filaments were different position than the previous filaments. In certain situations, the Earth can be met with more than one filament of the same comet. As a result of dust into the atmosphere very much, so the number of meteors that formed very abundant. In November 1966 and 1998 for example, three filaments from the comet Tempel-Tuttle into the Earth at the same time resulting in a Leonid meteor rain very intensive, where the average hourly meteor formed 100 000 or more.

Geminid meteor shower?
Geminid meteor shower occurs every first half of December. In the year 2011 Geminid meteor shower lasts between 7 and December 17, 2011 with a peak on December 14. Geminid meteor shower produces an average of 120 meteors / hour at its peak and is quite high among other meteor showers. In general there are only three meteor showers that can produce 100 meteors / hour or more, ie, in early January Quadrantid, Perseid and Geminid in early August.

Geminid meteor soared by an average initial velocity 35 km / sec. But unlike other meteor showers are relatively obvious source, the origin remains mysterious Geminids meteor. IRAS space mission based telescopic infrared satellite in the early decades of 980-an opportunity to solve the mystery thrust sebenanya Geminids. On October 11, 1983 identified the IRAS satellite that orbits the asteroid Phaethon extremely oval. 5 km diameter asteroid has an orbit profile is identical to the Geminid meteors.

The total mass of the entire filament Geminids are estimated to be equivalent to 1-10% of the mass of Phaethon, so the equivalent mass of the crust Phaethons etebal 5 to 20 cm. From this it appears to associate with the Geminid meteors asteroid Phaethon get justification. Moreover, later followed discovered asteroid 2005 YC TD and 1999 Phaethon resembles the profile of its orbit. Evaluation of the dynamics of asteroids orbit the three shows a third possibility comes from the splitting of large asteroids Pallas about 26 million years ago. Moreover, how the occurrence of collisions between asteroids has been demonstrated brilliantly by the Hubble space telescope a year ago.

But this allegation countered by filament dynamics Geminids, an impressive newly-formed about 600 to 2,000 years ago in the environment near the Sun. So it's not as old as 26 million years ago. Filaments began to intersect with Earth's orbit since the 1.5 centuries ago so that's new since we can see the Geminids. In addition, although Phaethon likely ejects fine dust due to breakdown of the surface as it approached the Sun to arrive at the point perihelionnya which only 21 million miles (much closer to the Sun than Mercury), but the numbers are very small so that from each of 10 000 Geminid meteors only one that comes of asteroid Phaethon.

So where the origin is still mysterious Geminids mateor.

How do I observe?
Geminid meteor shower peaks will coincide with the Wednesday morning December 14, 2011. In observing the meteor shower is not required auxiliary instruments such as telescopes, simply relying on the eye without any tools. On Wednesday morning, the constellation Geminid already exists in the western sky so that observations can be focused into the western sky and the surrounding areas, although it is possible to observe the sky in the opposite.

Unfortunately, despite the unfriendly weather that tends to weather anomalies over the return cycle of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) that could potentially bring very heavy rain, the sky was unfavorable situation. Months is still quite bendeang in the sky, because only two days off from full moon situations. This causes the Geminid meteors will not be visible, unless it formed Fireball.

Geminid meteor shower, one of the most beautiful meteor shower will be peaking today, Tuesday (12/13/2011) evening to Wednesday (12/14/2011) morning.

Geminid Meteor shower including a major. The number of meteors which can reach 100-120 meteors visible per hour if you look at a nice place.


Geminids meteor shower has actually been started since December 7 until December 17, 2011 to come. However, a new peak occurs tomorrow.

To see it, is necessary to find the right place. Condition is fairly roomy place and away from light pollution. No need the help of a telescope to see this meteor shower.

Meteors will appear from the constellation Gemini, is located in the eastern sky a little to the north. However, in essence, a meteor shower can be seen simply by looking at the sky.

Actually a meteor shower can be seen in the early evening. However, the best time to see it is to start at midnight, starting around 21:00 pm.

Rain Geminid meteor shower is different from others. If another meteor shower comes from dust comets, Geminids meteor shower, according to experts, come from asteroids.

Asteroids are the source of the Geminids meteor shower called the Pantheon. This asteroid orbiting the sun and leaving dust along its orbit. When the Earth which evolved into the dust, then the meteor shower occurs.

Geminid meteors will not be alone. Together with this meteor shower will appear to Jupiter, Mars and Saturn. Not to forget the star Sirius, which is one of the brightest stars.

Jupiter can be seen at night by looking up a bit to the west. While Saturn and Mars can be seen in the morning by directing the eye to the eastern sky.

All sounds wonderful sights to behold. But, there are two things you must watch out, that is cloudy and light rain and the Moon which is going in the peak brightness.

Although the Geminids including major, but if overcast and rain will also be influential. Eclipse of the Moon yesterday we were not able to see the maximum because of cloudy.

However, if the sky was bright, light bright enough moon will also be distracting. Months can make fewer visible meteors, just bright enough alone.

Geminid meteor shower is not the last in 2011. Furthermore, there is still a Ursid meteor shower which peaked on 23 December 2011, although relatively minor. But, because the Geminid meteor shower is one of the most beautiful, so let's pray for overcast and rain did not deter to see it again.

METEOR SHOWER